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Ukuthwebula kanye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni kubalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe izinhloso zeSivumelwano saseParis.I-Photosynthesis ubuchwepheshe bemvelo bokuthwebula ikhabhoni.Ukudweba ulwelwesi, senze i-3D cyanobacteria photosynthetic biocomposite (okungukuthi, ukulingisa ulele) sisebenzisa i-acrylic latex polymer efakwe esipontshini.Izinga lokuthathwa kwe-CO2 yi-biocomposite lalingu-1.57 ± 0.08 g CO2 g-1 ye-biomass d-1.Izinga lokuthatha lisekelwe ku-biomass eyomile ekuqaleni kokuhlolwa futhi ihlanganisa i-CO2 esetshenziselwa ukukhulisa i-biomass entsha kanye ne-CO2 equkethwe kwinhlanganisela yokugcina njengama-carbohydrate.Lawa mazinga okuthathwa ayephakeme izikhathi ezingu-14-20 kunezinyathelo zokulawula udaka futhi ayengase akhushulwe ukuze athwebule i-biomass engu-570 t CO2 t-1 ngonyaka-1, okulingana namahektha angu-5.5-8.17 × 106 okusetshenziswa komhlaba , kususwe u-8-12 GtCO2 I-CO2 ngonyaka.Ngokuphambene, i-bioenergy yehlathi enokubanjwa kanye nokugcinwa kwekhabhoni ingu-0.4–1.2 × 109 ha.I-biocomposite yahlala isebenza amasonto angu-12 ngaphandle kwemisoco eyengeziwe noma amanzi, ngemva kwalokho ukuhlola kwanqanyulwa.Ngaphakathi kwesimo sobuntu esinezici eziningi zobuchwepheshe sokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ama-biocomposite e-cyanobacterial akhiwe futhi athuthukisiwe anethuba lokusatshalaliswa okusimeme nokunokalayo ukuze kukhuliswe ukususwa kwe-CO2 kuyilapho kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi, izakhi kanye nokusetshenziswa komhlaba.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuwusongo lwangempela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke, ukuzinza kwe-ecosystem kanye nabantu.Ukuze unciphise imiphumela yayo emibi kakhulu, izinhlelo ezididiyelwe nezinkulu ze-decarburization ziyadingeka, futhi, yiqiniso, uhlobo oluthile lokususwa okuqondile kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini kuyadingeka.Naphezu kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuhle kokuphehla ugesi2,3, okwamanje azikho izixazululo zobuchwepheshe ezisimeme ngokwezomnotho zokunciphisa i-carbon dioxide emkhathini (CO2)4, nakuba ukuthwebula igesi ye-flue kuqhubeka5.Esikhundleni sezixazululo zobunjiniyela eziyingozi nezisebenzayo, abantu kufanele baphendukele konjiniyela bemvelo ukuze bathwebule i-carbon - i-photosynthetic organisms (izinto eziphilayo ze-phototrophic).I-Photosynthesis iwubuchwepheshe bemvelo bokuthatha ikhabhoni, kodwa ikhono layo lokuhlehlisa ukunothisa kwekhabhoni ye-anthropogenic esikalini sesikhathi esinengqondo liyangabazeka, ama-enzyme awasebenzi kahle, futhi ikhono lawo lokusebenzisa esikalini esifanele liyangabazeka.Indlela engase ibe khona ye-phototrophy ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, okunqamula izihlahla ukuze kutholakale amandla e-bioenergy ngokubamba i-carbon capture and storage (BECCS) njengobuchwepheshe bokukhipha isisi esingesihle obungasiza ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwe-CO21 yonke.Nokho, ukuze kuzuzwe izinga lokushisa leSivumelwano SaseParis sika-1.5°C kusetshenziswa i-BECCS njengendlela eyinhloko izodinga u-0.4 kuya ku-1.2 × 109 ha, okulingana no-25–75% womhlaba wamanje olimekayo emhlabeni.Ukwengeza, ukungaqiniseki okuhlobene nemiphumela yomhlaba wonke yokuvundisa i-CO2 kubeka kungabaza ukusebenza kahle okunamandla kokutshalwa kwehlathi7.Uma sizofinyelela imigomo yezinga lokushisa ebekwe yiSivumelwano saseParis, imizuzwana eyi-100 ye-GtCO2 yamagesi abamba ukushisa (GGR) kufanele isuswe emkhathini unyaka ngamunye.UMnyango Wezocwaningo Nokusungula e-UK usanda kumemezela uxhaso lwezimali zamaphrojekthi amahlanu e-GGR8 okuhlanganisa ukuphathwa kwe-peatland, isimo sezulu esithuthukisiwe samadwala, ukutshalwa kwezihlahla, i-biochar kanye nezitshalo ezingapheli ukuze kuphakelwe inqubo ye-BECCS.Izindleko zokususa ngaphezu kwe-130 MtCO2 emkhathini ngonyaka ziyi-10-100 US$/tCO2, 0.2-8.1 MtCO2 ngonyaka zokubuyisela i-peatland, 52-480 US$/tCO2 kanye ne-12-27 MtCO2 ngonyaka ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu samadwala. , 0.4-30 USD/ngonyaka.tCO2, 3.6 MtCO2/unyaka, ukwanda okungu-1% endaweni yehlathi, 0.4-30 US$/tCO2, 6-41 MtCO2/yr, biochar, 140-270 US$/tCO2, 20 –70 Mt CO2 ngonyaka ukuze kusetshenziswe izitshalo ezihlala njalo BECCS9.
Inhlanganisela yalezi zindlela ingase ifinyelele ku-130 Mt CO2 ngonyaka okuhlosiwe, kodwa izindleko ze-rock weathering kanye ne-BECCS ziphezulu, futhi i-biochar, nakuba ishibhile futhi ingahlobene nokusetshenziswa komhlaba, idinga i-feedstock yenqubo yokukhiqiza i-biochar.inikeza lokhu kuthuthukiswa kanye nenombolo ukuze kusetshenziswe obunye ubuchwepheshe be-GGR.
Esikhundleni sokubheka izixazululo emhlabeni, bheka amanzi, ikakhulukazi ama-phototroph aneseli elilodwa njenge-microalgae ne-cyanobacteria10.Ulwelwe (kuhlanganise ne-cyanobacteria) lubamba cishe u-50% we-carbon dioxide yomhlaba, nakuba luthatha i-1% kuphela ye-biomass yomhlaba11.Ama-Cyanobacteria angama-biogeoengineers emvelo asekuqaleni, abeka isisekelo se-metabolism yokuphefumula kanye nokuvela kwempilo yamangqamuzana amaningi nge-oxygen photosynthesis12.Umqondo wokusebenzisa i-cyanobacteria ukuze uthwebule ikhabhoni awumusha, kodwa izindlela ezintsha zokubeka umzimba zivula ama-horizons amasha kulezi zidalwa zasendulo.
Amachibi avuliwe kanye nama-photobioreactors kuyimpahla ezenzakalelayo uma usebenzisa i-microalgae ne-cyanobacteria ngezinjongo zezimboni.Lezi zinhlelo zesiko zisebenzisa isiko lokumiswa lapho amaseli entanta ngokukhululeka endaweni yokukhula14;kodwa-ke, amachibi kanye nama-photobioreactors anezinkinga eziningi ezifana nokudluliswa kwe-CO2 mass embi, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komhlaba namanzi, ukuthambekela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-biofouling, nezindleko eziphezulu zokwakha nokusebenza15,16.Ama-bioreactors e-Biofilm angawasebenzisi amasiko amisiwe ayonga kakhulu ngokwamanzi nesikhala, kodwa asengozini yokulimala kwe-desiccation, athambekele ekuqoqweni kwe-biofilm (ngakho-ke ukulahleka kwe-biomass esebenzayo), futhi athambekele ngokulinganayo ku-biofouling17.
Kudingeka izindlela ezintsha zokwandisa izinga lokuthatha i-CO2 futhi kubhekwane nezinkinga ezikhawulela udaka nama-biofilm reactors.Enye indlela enjalo i-photosynthetic biocomposites ephefumulelwe ama-lichens.Ulwelwe luyinkimbinkimbi yesikhunta kanye nama-photobionts (ama-microalgae kanye/noma ama-cyanobacteria) ahlanganisa cishe u-12% wendawo yomhlaba18.Isikhunta sinikeza ukusekela ngokomzimba, ukuvikeleka, kanye nokugxilisa i-photobiotic substrate, yona futhi inikeze isikhunta ngekhabhoni (njengemikhiqizo ye-photosynthetic eyeqile).I-biocomposite ehlongozwayo "i-lichen mimetic", lapho inani labantu eligxilile le-cyanobacteria lingakwazi ukuhamba ngendlela ye-biocoating encane ku-substrate yenkampani yenethiwekhi.Ngaphezu kwamaseli, i-biocoating iqukethe i-polymer matrix engangena esikhundleni sesikhunta.Ama-emulsions e-polymer asekelwe emanzini noma “ama-latexes” ayakhethwa ngenxa yokuthi ahambisana ne-biocompatible, aqinile, awabizi, aphathwa kalula futhi atholakala ngokwentengiso19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26.
Ukulungiswa kwamaseli ane-latex polymers kuthonywa kakhulu ukwakheka kwe-latex kanye nenqubo yokwakhiwa kwefilimu.I-Emulsion polymerization iyinqubo ehlukahlukene esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza irabha yokwenziwa, okokunamathelayo, ama-sealant, izithasiselo zikakhonkolo, izindwangu zephepha nezindwangu, nopende be-latex27.Inezinzuzo eziningi kunezinye izindlela ze-polymerization, njengezinga eliphezulu lokusabela kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwe-monomer, kanye nokulawula umkhiqizo kalula27,28.Ukukhethwa kwama-monomers kuncike ezicini ezifiselekayo zefilimu ye-polymer ewumphumela, kanye nezinhlelo ze-monomer ezixubile (okungukuthi, i-copolymerizations), izakhiwo ze-polymer zingashintshwa ngokukhetha izilinganiso ezihlukene zama-monomers akha impahla ye-polymer ewumphumela.I-butyl acrylate ne-styrene ziphakathi kwama-acrylic latex monomers ajwayelekile futhi asetshenziswa lapha.Ukwengeza, ama-coalescing agents (isb. I-Texanol) avame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kwefilimu efanayo lapho engashintsha khona izici ze-polymer latex ukuze kukhiqizwe ukunamathela okuqinile “nokuqhubekayo” (okuhlanganisayo).Ocwaningweni lwethu lokuqala lobufakazi bomqondo, indawo ephezulu, i-3D biocomposite ene-porosity ephezulu yenziwa kusetshenziswa upende wezohwebo we-latex ofakwe esipontshini se-loofah.Ngemva kokukhohlisa okude nokuqhubekayo (amasonto ayisishiyagalombili), i-biocomposite yabonisa ikhono elilinganiselwe lokugcina i-cyanobacteria ku-scaffold loofah ngenxa yokuthi ukukhula kwamangqamuzana kwenza buthaka ubuqotho besakhiwo se-latex.Ocwaningweni lwamanje, sihlose ukuthuthukisa uchungechunge lwama-polymer e-acrylic latex ekhemistri eyaziwayo ukuze asetshenziswe ngokuqhubekayo ezinhlelweni zokuthwebula ikhabhoni ngaphandle kokudela ukucekelwa phansi kwe-polymer.Ngokwenza kanjalo, siye sabonisa ikhono lokudala izakhi ze-matrix ze-lichen ezifana ne-polymer ezihlinzeka ngokusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokwandisa kakhulu ukuqina komshini uma kuqhathaniswa nama-biocomposites afakazelwe.Ukuthuthukisa okwengeziwe kuzosheshisa ukutholwa kwama-biocomposites ukuze kubanjwe ikhabhoni, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlanganiswe ne-cyanobacteria eguquliwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulandelwa kwe-CO2.
Ama-latexes ayisishiyagalolunye anama-polymer formulations amathathu (H = "kanzima", N = "okuvamile", S = "soft") kanye nezinhlobo ezintathu ze-Texanol (0, 4, 12% v / v) zihlolwe ubuthi kanye nokuhlobana kwezinkinga.Okunamathelayo.kusuka kuma-cyanobacteria amabili.Uhlobo lweLatex lube nomthelela omkhulu ku-S. elongatus PCC 7942 (ukuhlolwa kwe-Shirer-Ray-Hare, i-latex: DF=2, H=23.157, P=<0.001) kanye ne-CCAP 1479/1A (izindlela ezimbili ANOVA, latex: DF=2, F = 103.93, P = <0.001) (Fig. 1a).Ukuhlushwa kwe-texanol akuzange kuthinte kakhulu ukukhula kwe-S. elongatus PCC 7942, i-N-latex kuphela eyayingenabuthi (Fig. 1a), futhi i-0 N kanye ne-4 N igcine ukukhula kwe-26% ne-35%, ngokulandelana (Mann- U-Whitney U, 0 N vs. 4 N: W = 13.50, P = 0.245; 0 N ngokumelene nokulawula: W = 25.0, P = 0.061; 4 N ngokumelene nokulawula: W = 25.0, P = 0.061) kanye no-12 N alondoloze ukukhula okufanayo ekulawuleni kwezinto eziphilayo (i-Mann-Whitney University, 12 N vs. control: W = 17.0, P = 0.885).Ku-S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A, kokubili ingxube ye-latex nokugxila kwe-texanol kwakuyizici ezibalulekile, futhi ukuxhumana okubalulekile kwabonwa phakathi kokubili (izindlela ezimbili ze-ANOVA, i-latex: DF=2, F=103.93, P=<0.001, i-Texanol : DF=2, F=5.96, P=0.01, Latex*Texanol: DF=4, F=3.41, P=0.03).0 N kanye nawo wonke ama-latexes “athambile” akhuthaza ukukhula (Fig. 1a).Kunokuthambekela kokuthuthukisa ukukhula ngokuncipha kokwakheka kwe-styrene.
Ukuhlolwa kobuthi nokunamathela kwe-cyanobacteria (i-Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 ne-CCAP 1479/1A) ekubunjweni kwe-latex, ubudlelwano nezinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi (Tg) kanye ne-matrix yesinqumo esekelwe kubuthi nedatha yokunamathela.(a) Ukuhlolwa kobuthi kwenziwa kusetshenziswa iziqephu ezihlukene zokukhula kwephesenti le-cyanobacteria evamile ukuze kulawulwe amasiko okumiswa.Ukwelashwa okumakwe ngokuthi * kuhluke kakhulu kuzilawuli.(b) Idatha yokukhula kwe-Cyanobacteria ngokumelene ne-Tg latex (isho ± SD; n = 3).(c) Inombolo eqoqiwe ye-cyanobacteria ekhishwe ekuhlolweni kokunamathela kwe-biocomposite.(d) Idatha yokunamathela iqhathaniswa ne-Tg ye-latex (isho ± StDev; n = 3).e I-matrix yesinqumo esekelwe kubuthi nedatha yokunamathela.Isilinganiso se-styrene ne-butyl acrylate ngu-1:3 kokuthi “hard” (H) latex, 1:1 ngokuthi “normal” (N) kanye no-3:1 ngokuthi “soft” (S).Izinombolo zangaphambilini kukhodi ye-latex zihambisana nokuqukethwe kwe-Texanol.
Ezimweni eziningi, ukusebenza kweseli kwehle ngokugxila kwe-texanol okwandayo, kodwa kwakungekho ukuhlobana okubalulekile kwanoma yiziphi izinhlobo (CCAP 1479/1A: DF = 25, r = -0.208, P = 0.299; PCC 7942: DF = 25, r = – 0.127, P = 0.527).Emkhiwaneni.I-1b ibonisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokukhula kweseli nezinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi (Tg).Kukhona ukuhlobana okunegethivu okunamandla phakathi kokugxiliswa kwe-texanol namanani e-Tg (H-latex: DF=7, r=-0.989, P=<0.001; N-latex: DF=7, r=-0.964, P=<0.001 ; S- latex: DF=7, r=-0.946, P=<0.001).Idatha yabonisa ukuthi i-Tg efanelekile yokukhula kwe-S. elongatus PCC 7942 yayicishe ibe ngu-17 °C (Umfanekiso 1b), kuyilapho i-S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A ithanda i-Tg ngaphansi kuka-0 °C (Umfanekiso 1b).I-S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A kuphela ebinokuhlobana okunegethivu okunamandla phakathi kwe-Tg nedatha yobuthi (DF=25, r=-0.857, P=<0.001).
Wonke ama-latexes ayenobudlelwane obuhle bokunamathela, futhi akekho kubo owakhulula ngaphezu kwe-1% yamaseli ngemva kwamahora angu-72 (Fig. 1c).Awukho umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwama-latexes ezinhlobo ezimbili ze-S. elongatus (PCC 7942: ukuhlolwa kwe-Scheirer-Ray-Hara, i-Latex*Texanol, DF=4, H=0.903; P=0.924; CCAP 1479/1A: Scheirer- Ukuhlolwa kwe-ray).– Ukuhlolwa konogwaja, i-latex*texanol, DF=4, H=3.277, P=0.513).Njengoba ukugcwala kwe-Texanol kukhula, amaseli amaningi akhululwa (Umfanekiso 1c).uma kuqhathaniswa ne-S. elongatus PCC 7942 (DF=25, r=-0.660, P=<0.001) (Umfanekiso 1d).Ngaphezu kwalokho, abukho ubuhlobo bezibalo phakathi kwe-Tg nokunamathela kweseli kwezinhlobo ezimbili (PCC 7942: DF=25, r=0.301, P=0.127; CCAP 1479/1A: DF=25, r=0.287, P=0.147).
Kuzo zombili izinhlobo, ama-polymer e-latex “aqinile” ayengasebenzi.Ngokuphambene, i-4N ne-12N zenze kahle kakhulu ku-S. elongatus PCC 7942, kuyilapho i-4S ne-12S zisebenze kahle kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-CCAP 1479/1A (Fig. 1e), nakuba kunesikhala esicacile sokuthuthukisa okwengeziwe kwe-polymer matrix.Lawa ma-polymer asetshenziswe ekuhlolweni kokutholwa kwe-CO2 kwe-semi-batch net.
I-Photophysiology yaqashwa izinsuku ezingu-7 kusetshenziswa amaseli amiswe ekwakhekeni kwe-latex enamanzi.Ngokuvamile, kokubili izinga elibonakalayo le-photosynthesis (PS) kanye nesivuno esiphezulu se-PSII se-quantum (Fv/Fm) kuncipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa lokhu kuncipha akulingani futhi amanye amasethi edatha e-PS abonisa impendulo ye-biphasic, ephakamisa impendulo engaphelele, nakuba ukutakula kwesikhathi sangempela. umsebenzi omfushane we-PS (Fig. 2a no-3b).Impendulo ye-Fv/Fm ye-biphasic ibingavezwanga kangako (Izibalo 2b kanye no-3b).
(a) Izinga le-photosynthesis elibonakalayo (PS) kanye (b) nesilinganiso esiphezulu se-PSII sesivuno (Fv/Fm) se-Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 ekuphenduleni ukwakheka kwe-latex uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula amasiko okumiswa.Isilinganiso se-styrene ne-butyl acrylate ngu-1:3 kokuthi “hard” (H) latex, 1:1 ngokuthi “normal” (N) kanye no-3:1 ngokuthi “soft” (S).Izinombolo zangaphambilini kukhodi ye-latex zihambisana nokuqukethwe kwe-Texanol.(kusho ukuchezuka okujwayelekile ±; n = 3).
(a) Izinga le-photosynthesis elibonakalayo (PS) kanye (b) nesivuno esiphezulu se-PSII se-quantum (Fv/Fm) se-Synechococcus elongatus CCAP 1479/1A ekuphenduleni ukwakheka kwe-latex uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula amasiko okumiswa.Isilinganiso se-styrene ne-butyl acrylate ngu-1:3 kokuthi “hard” (H) latex, 1:1 ngokuthi “normal” (N) kanye no-3:1 ngokuthi “soft” (S).Izinombolo zangaphambilini kukhodi ye-latex zihambisana nokuqukethwe kwe-Texanol.(kusho ukuchezuka okujwayelekile ±; n = 3).
Ku-S. elongatus PCC 7942, ukwakheka kwe-latex nokugxila kwe-Texanol akuzange kuthinte i-PS ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (GLM, Latex*Texanol*Time, DF = 28, F = 1.49, P = 0.07), nakuba ukwakheka kwakuyisici esibalulekile (GLM)., latex* isikhathi, DF = 14, F = 3.14, P = <0.001) (Fig. 2a).Awukho umthelela obalulekile wokugxila kwe-Texanol ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (i-GLM, i-Texanol*isikhathi, i-DF=14, F=1.63, P=0.078).Kube khona ukuxhumana okubalulekile okuthinta i-Fv/Fm (GLM, Latex*Texanol*Time, DF=28, F=4.54, P=<0.001).Ukusebenzisana phakathi kokwakhiwa kwe-latex nokugxila kwe-Texanol kube nomthelela omkhulu ku-Fv/Fm (GLM, Latex*Texanol, DF=4, F=180.42, P=<0.001).Ipharamitha ngayinye iphinda ithinte i-Fv/Fm ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (GLM, Latex*Time, DF=14, F=9.91, P=<0.001 kanye ne-Texanol*Time, DF=14, F=10.71, P=< 0.001).I-Latex 12H igcine amanani aphansi e-PS kanye ne-Fv/Fm emaphakathi (Fig. 2b), okubonisa ukuthi le polymer inobuthi kakhulu.
I-PS ye-S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A yayihluke kakhulu (i-GLM, latex * Texanol * isikhathi, DF = 28, F = 2.75, P = <0.001), enokwakheka kwe-latex kunokugxilisa ingqondo ye-Texanol (GLM, Latex*time, DF =14, F=6.38, P=<0.001, GLM, Texanol*isikhathi, DF=14, F=1.26, P=0.239).Ama-polymer “athambile” 0S kanye ne-4S agcine amazinga aphezulu kancane okusebenza kwe-PS kunokumiswa kokulawula (Mann-Whitney U, 0S ngokumelene nezilawuli, W = 686.0, P = 0.044, 4S ngokumelene nezilawuli, W = 713, P = 0.01) futhi zigcinwe i ithuthukisiwe i-Fv./Fm (Fig. 3a) ikhombisa ezokuthutha ezisebenza kahle kakhulu eziya ku-Photosystem II.Kumanani e-Fv/Fm amaseli e-CCAP 1479/1A, kube nomehluko obalulekile we-latex ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (GLM, Latex*Texanol*Time, DF=28, F=6.00, P=<0.001) (Umfanekiso 3b).).
Emkhiwaneni.4 ibonisa isilinganiso se-PS ne-Fv/Fm esikhathini esiyizinsuku ezingu-7 njengomsebenzi wokukhula kweseli kuhlobo ngalunye.I-S. elongatus PCC 7942 yayingenayo iphethini ecacile (Fig. 4a kanye no-b), nokho, i-CCAP 1479/1A ibonise ubudlelwano obufanayo phakathi kwe-PS (Fig. 4c) kanye ne-Fv/Fm (Fig. 4d) njengamavelu izilinganiso ze-styrene ne-butyl acrylate zikhula ngokushintsha.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kokukhula kanye ne-photophysiology ye-Synechococcus longum kumalungiselelo e-latex.(a) Idatha yobuthi eyakhiwe ngokumelene nesilinganiso se-photosynthetic esibonakalayo (PS), (b) isivuno se-quantum esiphezulu se-PSII (Fv/Fm) se-PCC 7942. c Idatha yobuthi eyakhiwe ngokumelene ne-PS kanye ne-d Fv/Fm CCAP 1479/1A.Isilinganiso se-styrene ne-butyl acrylate ngu-1:3 kokuthi “hard” (H) latex, 1:1 ngokuthi “normal” (N) kanye no-3:1 ngokuthi “soft” (S).Izinombolo zangaphambilini kukhodi ye-latex zihambisana nokuqukethwe kwe-Texanol.(kusho ukuchezuka okujwayelekile ±; n = 3).
I-PCC 7942 ye-biocomposite ibe nomthelela olinganiselwe ekugcinweni kwamaseli nge-leaching ebalulekile yamaseli phakathi namasonto amane okuqala (Umfanekiso 5).Ngemuva kwesigaba sokuqala sokuthathwa kwe-CO2, amaseli ahlanganiswe ne-12 N latex aqala ukukhulula i-CO2, futhi le phethini yaqhubeka phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-4 no-14 (Fig. 5b).Le datha ihambisana nokubonwa kokushintsha kombala.Ukuthathwa kwe-CO2 okuphelele kuqale futhi kusukela ngosuku lwe-18. Naphezu kokukhululwa kweseli (Fig. 5a), i-PCC 7942 12 N biocomposite isaqongelele i-CO2 eningi kunokumiswa kokulawula ezinsukwini ezingu-28, nakuba kancane (ukuhlolwa kwe-Mann-Whitney, W = 2275.5; P = 0.066).Izinga lokumuncwa kwe-CO2 nge-latex 12 N kanye no-4 N ngu-0.51 ± 0.34 kanye no-1.18 ± 0.29 g CO2 g-1 we-biomass d-1.Kube nomehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo phakathi kwamazinga okwelashwa kanye nesikhathi (ukuhlolwa kukaSihlalo-Ray-Hare, ukwelashwa: DF=2, H=70.62, P=<0.001 isikhathi: DF=13, H=23.63, P=0.034), kodwa bekungenjalo.kube nokuhlobana okubalulekile phakathi kokwelashwa nesikhathi (ukuhlolwa kukaSihlalo-Ray-Har, isikhathi*ukwelashwa: DF=26, H=8.70, P=0.999).
Ukuhlolwa kokutholwa kwe-CO2 okuyinqwaba yenqwaba ku-Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 biocomposites esebenzisa i-4N ne-12N latex.(a) Izithombe zibonisa ukukhululwa kweseli nokushintsha kombala kombala, kanye nezithombe ze-SEM ze-biocomposite ngaphambi nangemuva kokuhlolwa.Imigqa enamachashazi amhlophe ikhombisa amasayithi okubekwa kwamaseli ku-biocomposite.(b) Ukutholwa kwe-CO2 okuhlanganisiwe esikhathini esingamasonto amane.I-latex “Normal” (N) inenani le-styrene ne-butyl acrylate engu-1:1.Izinombolo zangaphambilini kukhodi ye-latex zihambisana nokuqukethwe kwe-Texanol.(kusho ukuchezuka okujwayelekile ±; n = 3).
Ukugcinwa kweseli kwathuthukiswa kakhulu kuhlobo lwe-CCAP 1479/1A nge-4S ne-12S, nakuba umbala washintsha kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (Fig. 6a).I-Biocomposite CCAP 1479/1A imunca i-CO2 izinsuku ezingama-84 ezigcwele (amaviki ayi-12) ngaphandle kwezithako zokudla okunomsoco ezengeziwe.Ukuhlaziywa kwe-SEM (Fig. 6a) kuqinisekisile ukubonwa okubukwayo kwe-cell detachment encane.Ekuqaleni, amaseli ayevalwe ngendwangu ye-latex eyayigcina ubuqotho naphezu kokukhula kwamangqamuzana.Izinga lokuthathwa kwe-CO2 laliphezulu kakhulu kuneqembu lokulawula (ukuhlolwa kwe-Scheirer-Ray-Har, ukwelashwa: DF=2; H=240.59; P=<0.001, isikhathi: DF=42; H=112; P=<0.001) ( Umfanekiso 6b).I-12S biocomposite izuze ukutholwa okuphezulu kwe-CO2 (1.57 ± 0.08 g CO2 g-1 biomass ngosuku), kuyilapho i-4S latex yayiyi-1.13 ± 0.41 g CO2 g-1 biomass ngosuku, kodwa ayizange ihluke kakhulu (Mann-Whitney U . ukuhlola, W = 1507.50; P = 0.07) futhi akukho ukusebenzisana okubalulekile phakathi kokwelashwa nesikhathi (ukuhlolwa kwe-Shirer-Rey-Hara, isikhathi * ukwelashwa: DF = 82; H = 10 .37; P = 1.000).
Ukuhlola ukutholwa kwe-CO2 okuyisigamu sengxenye kusetshenziswa i-Synechococcus elongatus CCAP 1479/1A biocomposites ene-4N ne-12N latex.(a) Izithombe zibonisa ukukhululwa kweseli nokushintsha kombala kombala, kanye nezithombe ze-SEM ze-biocomposite ngaphambi nangemuva kokuhlolwa.Imigqa enamachashazi amhlophe ikhombisa amasayithi okubekwa kwamaseli ku-biocomposite.(b) Ukuthathwa kwe-CO2 eqongelelekayo esikhathini esingamaviki ayishumi nambili.I-latex “Soft” (S) inesilinganiso se-styrene ne-butyl acrylate engu-1:1.Izinombolo zangaphambilini kukhodi ye-latex zihambisana nokuqukethwe kwe-Texanol.(kusho ukuchezuka okujwayelekile ±; n = 3).
S. elongatus PCC 7942 (ukuhlolwa kwe-Shirer-Ray-Har, isikhathi*ukwelashwa: DF=4, H=3.243, P=0.518) noma i-biocomposite S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A (two-ANOVA, isikhathi*ukwelashwa: DF=8 , F = 1.79, P = 0.119) (Fig. S4).I-Biocomposite PCC 7942 yayinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-carbohydrate ngeviki 2 (4 N = 59.4 ± 22.5 wt%, 12 N = 67.9 ± 3.3 wt%), kuyilapho ukumiswa kokulawula kunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-carbohydrate ngeviki 4 lapho (ukulawula = 59.6 ± 2.84% w/w).Ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kwe-carbohydrate ye-CCAP 1479/1A biocomposite iqhathaniswe nokumiswa kokulawula ngaphandle kwasekuqaleni kwecala, noshintsho oluthile ku-latex ye-12S ngeviki lesi-4. Amanani aphezulu kakhulu e-biocomposite ayengu-51.9 ± 9.6 wt% kwe-4S kanye ne-77.1 ± 17.0 wt% ye-12S.
Sizimisele ukukhombisa amathuba okuklama okuthuthukisa ubuqotho besakhiwo sefilimu elincanyana le-latex polymer coatings njengengxenye ebalulekile yomqondo we-lichen ulingisa we-biocomposite ngaphandle kokudela i-biocompatibility noma ukusebenza.Ngempela, uma izinselele zesakhiwo ezihlobene nokukhula kwamaseli zinqotshwa, silindele ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kokusebenza ngaphezu kwama-biocomposites ethu okuhlola, asevele aqhathaniswa namanye ama-cyanobacteria kanye nezinhlelo zokuthwebula i-carbon microalgae.
Izembatho kufanele zingabi nobuthi, ziqine, zisekele ukunamathela kwamaseli isikhathi eside, futhi kufanele zibe nezimbotshana ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukudluliswa kwenqwaba ye-CO2 kanye nokususa umoya we-O2.Ama-polymer e-acrylic ohlobo lwe-latex kulula ukuwalungisa futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini zikapende, zendwangu, nezinamathelisa30.Sihlanganise i-cyanobacteria ne-acrylic latex polymer emulsion esekelwe emanzini eyenziwe nge-polymerized enesilinganiso esithile sezinhlayiya ze-styrene/butyl acrylate kanye nokugxila okuhlukahlukene kwe-Texanol.I-styrene ne-butyl acrylate yakhethwa ukuze ikwazi ukulawula izakhiwo ezibonakalayo, ikakhulukazi ukuqina nokuqina kwe-coalescence ye-coalescence ye-coalescence ye-coalescence (okubalulekile ukugqoka okuqinile nokunamathela kakhulu), okuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlayiyana "ezinzima" kanye "ezithambile".Idatha yobuthi iphakamisa ukuthi i-latex "eqinile" enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-styrene ayisizi ekusindeni kwe-cyanobacteria.Ngokungafani ne-butyl acrylate, i-styrene ibhekwa njengobuthi ku-algae32,33.Izinhlobo ze-Cyanobacteria zisabele ngendlela ehluke kakhulu ku-latex, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokushintshwa kwengilazi (Tg) lanqunywa ku-S. elongatus PCC 7942, kuyilapho i-S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A ibonise ubudlelwano obungebuhle bomugqa ne-Tg.
Izinga lokushisa lokumisa lithinta ikhono lokwenza ifilimu ye-latex efanayo eqhubekayo.Uma izinga lokushisa lokumisa lingaphansi kwe-Minimum Film Forming Temperature (MFFT), izinhlayiya ze-polymer latex ngeke zihlangane ngokugcwele, okuholela ekunamatheleni kuphela esibonakalayo sezinhlayiyana.Amafilimu avelayo anokunamathela okubi namandla okusebenza futhi angase abe yimpushana ifomu29.I-MFFT ihlobene eduze ne-Tg, engalawulwa ukwakheka kwe-monomer kanye nokwengezwa kwama-coalescents afana ne-Texanol.I-Tg inquma izici eziningi ezibonakalayo ze-coating engumphumela, okungenzeka ibe sesimweni serabha noma esiyingilazi34.Ngokusho kwe-Flory-Fox equation35, i-Tg incike ohlotsheni lwe-monomer kanye nokwakheka kwephesenti elihlobene.Ukwengezwa kwe-coalescent kunganciphisa i-MFFT ngokucindezelwa ngezikhathi ezithile kwe-Tg yezinhlayiya ze-latex, okuvumela ukwakheka kwefilimu emazingeni okushisa aphansi, kodwa namanje yakha i-coalescent eqinile futhi eqinile ngoba i-coalescent iyancipha kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi noma ikhishwe i-36.
Ukwandisa ukugxila kwe-Texanol kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwefilimu ngokuthambisa izinhlayiya ze-polymer (ukunciphisa i-Tg) ngenxa yokumuncwa yizinhlayiya ngesikhathi sokumiswa, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise amandla efilimu ehlangene nokunamathela kweseli.Ngenxa yokuthi i-biocomposite yomile ekushiseni kwe-ambient (~18-20°C), i-Tg (30 kuya ku-55°C) ye-latex "eqinile" iphakeme kunezinga lokushisa lokumisa, okusho ukuthi ukuhlangana kwezinhlayiyana kungase kungabi kahle, okuholela ekutheni Amafilimu e-B ahlala e-vitreous, izakhiwo ezingezinhle zemishini kanye nezokunamathela, ukunwebeka okulinganiselwe kanye ne-diffusivity30 ekugcineni aholela ekulahlekeni okukhulu kwamaseli.Ukwakhiwa kwefilimu kusuka kuma-polymers "avamile" kanye "athambile" kwenzeka ngaphansi noma ngaphansi kwe-Tg yefilimu ye-polymer, futhi ukwakheka kwefilimu kuthuthukiswa ngokuhlangana okuthuthukisiwe, okuholela kumafilimu e-polymer aqhubekayo anezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zemishini, ezihlangene, nezinamathelayo.Ifilimu ewumphumela izohlala iyi-rubbery ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokuthwebula kwe-CO2 ngenxa yokuthi i-Tg yayo iseduze ("evamile" inhlanganisela: 12 kuya ku-20 ºC) noma ephansi kakhulu (inhlanganisela "ethambile": -21 kuya -13 °C ) kuya kuzinga lokushisa elizungezile 30.I-latex “eqinile” (3.4 kuya ku-2.9 kgf mm–1) ilukhuni ngokuphindwe kathathu kune-latex “evamile” (1.0 kuya ku-0.9 kgf mm–1).Ukuqina kwama-latexes "athambile" angeke kulinganiswe ngobulukhuni obuncane ngenxa ye-rubberiness yabo ngokweqile kanye nokunamathela endaweni yokushisa.Ukushaja okungaphezulu nakho kungathinta ukunamathela kokunamathela, kodwa idatha eyengeziwe iyadingeka ukuze kunikezwe ulwazi oluphusile.Kodwa-ke, wonke ama-latexes agcina amaseli ngempumelelo, akhulula ngaphansi kuka-1%.
Ukukhiqiza kwe-photosynthesis kuyehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.Ukuchayeka ku-polystyrene kuholela ekuphazamisekeni kwe-membrane kanye nokucindezeleka kwe-oxidative38,39,40,41.Amanani e-Fv/Fm e-S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A avezwe ku-0S naku-4S ayecishe aphakeme ngokuphindwe kabili uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawula ukumiswa, okuvumelana kahle nezinga lokuthatha le-CO2 le-4S biocomposite, kanye amanani aphansi asho PS.amanani.Amanani aphezulu e-Fv/Fm abonisa ukuthi ezokuthutha ngama-electron ziye ku-PSII zingaletha ama-photons42 engeziwe, okungase kuphumele emazingeni aphezulu okulungisa i-CO2.Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi idatha ye-photophysiological yatholwa kumaseli amiswe ezixazululweni ze-latex ezinamanzi futhi ingase ingaqhathanisi ngokuqondile nama-biocomposites asekhulile.
Uma i-latex idala isithiyo ekushintsheni kokukhanya kanye/noma kwegesi okuholela ekuvinjelweni kokukhanya kanye ne-CO2, ingabangela ukucindezeleka kwamaselula futhi inciphise ukusebenza, futhi uma ithinta ukukhululwa kwe-O2, i-photorespiration39.Ukudluliswa kokukhanya kwezingubo eziphulukisiwe kwahlolwa: i-latex "enzima" ibonise ukwehla okuncane ekudluliseni ukukhanya phakathi kwe-440 ne-480 nm (okuthuthukisiwe ngokwengxenye ngokwandisa ukugxila kwe-Texanol ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwefilimu coalescence), kuyilapho "ithambile" futhi "ivamile". ” I-latex ikhombise ukwehla kancane ekudluliselweni kokukhanya.ayibonisi ukulahlekelwa okuphawulekayo.Izivivinyo, kanye nawo wonke ama-incubation, zenziwe ngokukhanya okuphansi (30.5 µmol m-2 s-1), ngakho-ke noma yimiphi imisebe esebenzayo nge-photosynthetically ngenxa ye-polymer matrix izonxeshezelwa futhi ingase ibe wusizo ekuvimbeleni ukuvinjelwa kwesithombe.emazingeni okukhanya alimazayo.
I-Biocomposite CCAP 1479/1A isebenze phakathi nezinsuku ezingama-84 zokuhlolwa, ngaphandle kwenzuzo yezakhi noma ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwe-biomass, okuyinhloso eyinhloko yocwaningo.Ukususwa kombala weseli kungase kuhlotshaniswe nenqubo ye-chlorosis ekuphenduleni indlala ye-nitrogen ukuze kuzuzwe ukuphila kwesikhathi eside (isimo sokuphumula), okungasiza amaseli ukuthi aqale ukukhula ngemva kokuqoqwa kwe-nitrogen eyanele sekuzuziwe.Izithombe ze-SEM ziqinisekisile ukuthi amaseli ahlala ngaphakathi kwengubo naphezu kokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, ebonisa ukunwebeka kwe-latex "ethambile" futhi ngaleyo ndlela abonise inzuzo ecacile phezu kwenguqulo yokuhlola.I-latex “ethambile” iqukethe cishe u-70% we-butyl acrylate (ngesisindo), ephakeme kakhulu kunokugxilisa okushiwo kokunamathela okuguquguqukayo ngemva kokoma44.
Ukuthathwa kwenetha kwe-CO2 kwakuphakeme kakhulu kunokumiswa kokulawula (14-20 kanye nezikhathi ze-3-8 ngaphezulu kwe-S. elongatus CCAP 1479/1A kanye ne-PCC 7942, ngokulandelana).Ngaphambilini, sasebenzisa imodeli yokudlulisa inqwaba ye-CO2 ukuze sibonise ukuthi umshayeli oyinhloko wokuthathwa okuphezulu kwe-CO2 yi-gradient ebukhali ye-CO2 ebusweni be-biocomposite31 nokuthi ukusebenza kwe-biocomposite kungakhawulwa ngokumelana nokudluliswa okukhulu.Le nkinga inganqotshwa ngokuhlanganisa izithako ezingenabo ubuthi, ezingakhiqizi ifilimu ku-latex ukuze kwandiswe i-porosity nokuqina kwe-coating26, kodwa ukugcinwa kwamaseli kungase kube sengozini njengoba leli su lizophumela efilimini ebuthakathaka20.Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali kungashintshwa ngesikhathi se-polymerization ukuze kwandiswe i-porosity, okuyindlela engcono kakhulu, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwezimboni kanye nokulinganisa45.
Ukusebenza kwe-biocomposite entsha uma kuqhathaniswa nezifundo zakamuva kusetshenziswa ama-biocomposites avela ku-microalgae kanye ne-cyanobacteria kubonise izinzuzo zokulungisa izinga lokulayisha amaseli (Ithebula 1) 21,46 kanye nezikhathi zokuhlaziya ezinde (izinsuku ezingu-84 ngokumelene namahora angu-1546 kanye namaviki angu-321).
Okuqukethwe kwe-volumetric yama-carbohydrate emangqamuzaneni kuqhathaniswa kahle nezinye izifundo47,48,49,50 kusetshenziswa i-cyanobacteria futhi isetshenziswa njengendlela engaba khona yokubanjwa kwekhabhoni nokusebenzisa/ukubuyisela izicelo, njengezinqubo zokuvutshelwa kwe-BECCS49,51 noma ukukhiqizwa kwe-biodegradable. i-bioplastics52.Njengengxenye yezizathu zalolu cwaningo, sithatha ngokuthi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, noma kucatshangelwe emcabangweni we-BECCS wokukhishwa kwesisi esibi, akusona ikhambi lokushintsha kwesimo sezulu futhi kudla ingxenye eshaqisayo yomhlaba olimayo6.Njengokuhlolwa komcabango, kwalinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi kuka-640 no-950 i-GtCO2 izodinga ukususwa emkhathini ngo-2100 ukuze kukhawulwe ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa lomhlaba libe ku-1.5°C53 (cishe ku-8 kuya ku-12 GtCO2 ngonyaka).Ukufeza lokhu nge-biocomposite esebenza kangcono (574.08 ± 30.19 t CO2 t-1 biomass ngonyaka-1) kuzodinga ukunwetshwa kwevolumu ukusuka ku-5.5 × 1010 kuya ku-8.2 × 1010 m3 (ngokusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthetic), equkethe kusuka ku-196 bhiliyoni kuya kumalitha angu-2. i-polymer.Uma sicabanga ukuthi i-1 m3 ye-biocomposites ithatha indawo engu-1 m2 yomhlaba, indawo edingekayo ukuze kuncishiswe ingqikithi ye-CO2 yonyaka okuhlosiwe izoba phakathi kwamahektha ayizigidi ezingu-5.5 nezingu-8.17, okulingana no-0.18-0.27% ofanele ukuphila komhlabathi ezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi unciphise indawo yezwe.isidingo se-BECCS ngo-98-99%.Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isilinganiso sokuthwebula ithiyori sisekelwe ekumunceni kwe-CO2 okurekhodwe ekukhanyeni okuphansi.Ngokushesha nje lapho i-biocomposite isichayeke ekukhanyeni kwemvelo okunamandla kakhulu, izinga lokuthatha i-CO2 liyakhuphuka, linciphise nakakhulu izidingo zomhlaba futhi liqhubekisele phambili isikali kumqondo we-biocomposite.Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kufanele kube senkabazwe ukuze kube nokuqina nobude bokukhanya okungashintshi.
Umphumela womhlaba wonke wokuvundisa i-CO2, okungukuthi ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo okubangelwa ukwanda kokutholakala kwe-CO2, kwehlile ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba, mhlawumbe ngenxa yoshintsho lwezakhi ezibalulekile zomhlabathi (N no-P) kanye nemithombo yamanzi7.Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-photosynthesis yasemhlabeni ingase ingaholeli ekwenyukeni kokuthathwa kwe-CO2, naphezu kokugxila okuphezulu kwe-CO2 emoyeni.Kulo mongo, amasu okunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu asekelwe phansi njenge-BECCS mancane kakhulu amathuba okuthi aphumelele.Uma lesi simo somhlaba wonke siqinisekiswa, i-biocomposite yethu ephefumulelwe yi-lichen ingaba impahla eyinhloko, eguqula amagciwane aneseli elilodwa le-photosynthetic emanzini abe "ama-ejenti angaphansi."Izitshalo eziningi zasemhlabeni zilungisa i-CO2 nge-C3 photosynthesis, kuyilapho izitshalo ze-C4 zivumelana kakhulu nezindawo zokuhlala ezifudumele, ezomile futhi zisebenza kahle kakhulu ezicindezelweni eziphakeme ze-CO254.I-Cyanobacteria inikeza enye indlela engase isuse ukubikezela okwethusayo kokuncishiswa kokuchayeka kwe-carbon dioxide ezitshalweni ze-C3.I-Cyanobacteria iye yanqoba imikhawulo ye-photorespiratory ngokwakha indlela ephumelelayo yokunothisa ikhabhoni lapho ukucindezela kwengxenye ephezulu ye-CO2 kwethulwa khona futhi kunakekelwe yi-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) ngaphakathi kwe-carboxysomes nxazonke.Uma ukukhiqizwa kwe-cyanobacterial biocomposites kungandiswa, lokhu kungaba yisikhali esibalulekile esintwini ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Ama-Biocomposites (ama-lichen alingisa) ahlinzeka ngezinzuzo ezicacile ngaphezu kwamasiko okumiswa kwama-microalgae avamile kanye ne-cyanobacteria, ahlinzeka ngezinga eliphezulu lokuthatha i-CO2, enciphisa izingozi zokungcola, kanye nokugwema ukuncintisana kwe-CO2 okuthembisayo.Izindleko zehlisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, amanzi kanye nemisoco56.Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuba nokwenzeka kokuthuthukisa nokukhiqiza i-latex esebenza kahle kakhulu ye-biocompatible okuthi, lapho ihlanganiswa nesipontshi se-loofah njenge-substrate yekhandidethi, inganikeza ukutholwa kwe-CO2 okuphumelelayo nangempumelelo phakathi nezinyanga zokuhlinzwa kuyilapho igcina ukulahleka kweseli kuncane.Ama-Biocomposites ngokwethiyori angase athwebule cishe u-570 t CO2 t-1 we-biomass ngonyaka futhi angase abonakale ebaluleke kakhulu kunamasu okugawula amahlathi e-BECCS ekuphenduleni kwethu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu.Ngokuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe kokwakheka kwe-polymer, ukuhlolwa ngokukhanya okuphezulu, futhi kuhlanganiswe nobunjiniyela obuyinkimbinkimbi be-metabolic, onjiniyela bokuqala bemvelo bemvelo bangaphinda basize.
Ama-acrylic latex polymers alungiswa kusetshenziswa ingxube yama-styrene monomers, i-butyl acrylate ne-acrylic acid, futhi i-pH yalungiswa yaba ngu-7 ne-0.1 M sodium hydroxide (ithebula 2).I-styrene ne-butyl acrylate zakha inqwaba yamaketanga e-polymer, kuyilapho i-acrylic acid isiza ukugcina izinhlayiya ze-latex zimisiwe57.Izakhiwo zesakhiwo se-latex zinqunywa izinga lokushisa lokuguqula ingilazi (Tg), elilawulwa ngokushintsha isilinganiso se-styrene ne-butyl acrylate, ehlinzeka ngezakhiwo "ezinzima" kanye "ezithambile", ngokulandelana58.I-acrylic latex polymer evamile ingu-50:50 styrene:butyl acrylate 30, ngakho kulolu cwaningo i-latex enalesi silinganiso yayibizwa ngokuthi i-latex "evamile", futhi i-latex enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-styrene yayibizwa ngokuthi i-latex enokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-styrene. .ebizwa ngokuthi “thambile” ngokuthi “kanzima”.
I-emulsion eyinhloko yalungiswa kusetshenziswa amanzi acwengekile (174 g), i-sodium bicarbonate (0.5 g) kanye ne-Rhodapex Ab/20 surfactant (30.92 g) (Solvay) ukuze kunzinziswe amaconsi angama-monomer angu-30.Kusetshenziswa isirinji yengilazi (I-Science Glass Engineering) enepompo yesirinji, i-aliquot yesibili equkethe i-styrene, i-butyl acrylate ne-acrylic acid esohlwini lweThebula 2 yengezwe ngokudonsa phansi ngenani elingu-100 ml h-1 ku-emulsion eyinhloko ngaphezu kwamahora angu-4 (Cole -Palmer, Mount Vernon, Illinois).Lungiselela isixazululo se-polymerization initiator 59 usebenzisa i-dHO ne-ammonium persulfate (100 ml, 3% w/w).
Gcoba ikhambi eliqukethe i-dHO (206 g), i-sodium bicarbonate (1 g) ne-Rhodapex Ab/20 (4.42 g) usebenzisa i-stirrer engaphezulu (i-Heidolph Hei-TORQUE value 100) ngophephela wensimbi engagqwali kanye nokushisa kube ngu-82°C umkhumbi ofakwe ijakhethi yamanzi kubhavu wamanzi ashisayo we-VWR Scientific 1137P.Isixazululo esincishisiwe sesisindo se-monomer (28.21 g) kanye ne-initiator (20.60 g) sengezwe ngokudonsela phansi emkhunjini oboshwe futhi sinyakaziswa imizuzu engu-20.Hlanganisa ngamandla i-monomer esele (150 ml h-1) kanye ne-initiator (27 ml h-1) ukuze ugcine izinhlayiya zimisiwe zize zengezwe ebhantshini lamanzi amahora angu-5 usebenzisa amasirinji angu-10 ml kanye no-100 ml ngokulandelanayo esitsheni. .igcwaliswe ngephampu yesirinji.Isivinini se-stirrer sanyuswa ngenxa yokwanda kwevolumu ye-slurry ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwe-slurry.Ngemva kokwengeza i-initiator kanye ne-emulsion, izinga lokushisa lokusabela liphakanyiswe ku-85 ° C, linyakaziswa kahle ku-450 rpm imizuzu engu-30, bese lipholiswe ku-65 ° C.Ngemva kokupholisa, izixazululo ezimbili zokuthutha zengezwa ku-latex: i-tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) (70% emanzini) (5 g, 14% ngesisindo) ne-isoascorbic acid (5 g, 10% ngesisindo)..Engeza i-t-BHP yehla ngokudonsa bese ushiya imizuzu engu-20.I-Erythorbic acid yabe seyengezwa ngesilinganiso esingu-4 ml/h kusuka kusirinji engu-10 ml kusetshenziswa iphampu yesirinji.Isixazululo se-latex sabe sesipholiswa ekamelweni lokushisa futhi salungiselelwa ku-pH 7 nge-0.1M sodium hydroxide.
I-2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (Texanol) - ubuthi obuphansi obunokuhlangana kwe-biodegradable coalescent kapende we-latex 37,60 - yengezwe ngesirinji kanye nepompo emiqulu emithathu (0, 4, 12% v/v) njenge-coalescing ejenti yengxube ye-latex ukuze kube lula ukwakheka kwefilimu ngesikhathi sokumiswa37.Amaphesenti e-latex solids anqunywa ngokubeka u-100 µl we-polymer ngayinye kumakepisi we-aluminium foil akalwe ngaphambilini futhi omiswe kuhhavini ongu-100°C amahora angu-24.
Ukuze kudluliselwe ukukhanya, ingxube ngayinye ye-latex isetshenziswe kusilayidi esibonakhulu kusetshenziswa ikhiyubhu lensimbi engenalutho elilinganiselwe ukuze likhiqize amafilimu angu-100 µm futhi yomiswa ku-20°C amahora angu-48.Ukudluliswa kokukhanya (okugxile emisebeni ye-photosynthetically asebenzayo, λ 400–700 nm) kukalwe nge-spectroradiometer ye-ILT950 SpectriLight enenzwa ebangeni elingu-35 cm ukusuka kusibani esingu-30 W lesibani se-fluorescent (Sylvania Luxline Plus, n = 6) – lapho ukukhanya umthombo kwakuyi-cyanobacteria kanye nezinto eziphilayo Izinto ezihlanganisiwe ziyagcinwa.I-SpectrILight III inguqulo yesofthiwe engu-3.5 isetshenziselwe ukurekhoda ukukhanya nokudluliswa kwebanga elingu-λ 400–700 nm61.Wonke amasampula abekwe phezu kwenzwa, futhi amaslayidi engilazi angafakwanga asetshenziswa njengezilawuli.
Amasampula e-latex afakwa esitsheni sokubhaka se-silicone futhi avunyelwa ukuba ome amahora angu-24 ngaphambi kokuba ahlolelwe ubulukhuni.Beka isampula eyomisiwe ye-latex kukepisi yensimbi ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu se-x10.Ngemva kokugxila, amasampula ahlolwe kumhloli we-microhardness we-Buehler Micromet II.Isampuli ingaphansi kwamandla amagremu angu-100 kuya kwangu-200 futhi isikhathi sokulayisha sisethelwe kumasekhondi angu-7 ukuze kudalwe ukuboshelwa kwedayimane kusampula.Ukuphrinta kwahlaziywa kusetshenziswa inhloso yesibonakhulu se-Bruker Alicona × 10 ngesofthiwe eyengeziwe yokulinganisa umumo.Ifomula yokuqina kwe-Vickers (I-Equation 1) yasetshenziswa ukubala ubulukhuni be-latex ngayinye, lapho i-HV iyinombolo ye-Vickers, u-F ingamandla asetshenziswayo, futhi u-d uyisilinganiso samadiagonal e-indent abalwe kusukela ekuphakameni nasebubanzini be-latex.inani lokuhlehlisa.I-latex "ethambile" ayikwazi ukulinganiswa ngenxa yokunamathela nokwelula ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokuhlehlisa.
Ukuze kunqunywe izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi (Tg) lokubunjwa kwe-latex, amasampula e-polymer afakwa ezitsheni zejeli ye-silica, omisiwe amahora angu-24, akalwe ku-0.005 g, futhi afakwe ezitsheni zesampula.Isitsha savalwa safakwa kumbala wokuskena ohlukile (PerkinElmer DSC 8500, Intercooler II, Pyris data analysis software)62.Indlela yokugeleza kokushisa isetshenziselwa ukubeka izinkomishi zereferensi nezinkomishi zesampula kuhhavini ofanayo onomshini wokushisa owakhelwe ngaphakathi ukuze kukale izinga lokushisa.Isamba samarempu amabili asetshenziselwe ukwakha ijika elingaguquki.Indlela yesampula yaphakanyiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukusuka ku-20°C kuya ku-180°C ngesilinganiso esingu-20°C ngomzuzu.Iphoyinti ngalinye lokuqala nelokuphela ligcinwa iminithi elingu-1 ukuze kukhawulwe ukuntengantenga kwezinga lokushisa.
Ukuhlola ikhono le-biocomposite lokumunca i-CO2, amasampula alungiswa futhi ahlolwa ngendlela efanayo nasocwaningweni lwethu lwangaphambilini31.Indwangu yokugeza eyomisiwe ne-autoclaved yasikwa yaba imicu cishe engu-1 × 1 × 5 cm futhi ikalwa.Faka u-600 µl wezinhlobo ezimbili ze-biocoatings ezimbili ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ze-cyanobacteria ngayinye ekupheleni komugqa we-loofah ngamunye, umboze cishe u-1 × 1 × 3 cm, futhi wome ebumnyameni ngo-20°C amahora angu-24.Ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhulu se-loofah, enye yefomula yamoshwa, ngakho-ke ukusebenza kahle kokulayisha amaseli kwakungeyona i-100%.Ukuze kunqotshwe le nkinga, isisindo sokulungiswa okomile ku-loofah sanqunywa futhi sajwayezwa ekulungiseleleni okomile kwereferensi.Izilawuli ze-Abiotic ezihlanganisa i-loofah, i-latex, kanye nendawo yezakhi eziyinyumba zalungiswa ngendlela efanayo.
Ukwenza isivivinyo sokuthatha i-CO2 yeqoqo elinguhhafu, faka i-biocomposite (n = 3) eshubhuni lengilazi elingu-50 ml ukuze ingxenye eyodwa ye-biocomposite (ngaphandle kwe-biocoating) ixhumane no-5 ml wokukhula, okuvumela umsoco ukuthi ukuthuthwa ngesenzo se-capillary..Ibhodlela livalwe ngokhokho berabha ye-butyl onobubanzi obungama-20 mm futhi liboshwe ngekepisi elisiliva le-aluminium.Uma seluvaliwe, jova u-45 ml we-5% CO2/umoya ngenaliti eyinyumba exhunywe kusirinji ebamba igesi.Ukuminyana kwamaseli wokulawula ukumiswa (n = 3) bekulingana nomthwalo weseli we-biocomposite endaweni yezakhi.Ukuhlola kwenziwe ngo-18 ± 2 °C nenkathi yesithombe engu-16:8 kanye nenkathi yesithombe engu-30.5 µmol m-2 s-1.Isikhala sekhanda sasikhishwa njalo ezinsukwini ezimbili ngesirinji ebamba igesi futhi sihlaziywe imitha ye-CO2 enokumuncwa kwe-infrared GEOTech G100 ukuze kutholwe iphesenti le-CO2 elimunnyiwe.Engeza umthamo olinganayo wengxube yegesi ye-CO2.
% CO2 Fix ibalwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: % CO2 Fix = 5% (v/v) - bhala %CO2 (isibalo 2) lapho P = ingcindezi, V = ivolumu, T = izinga lokushisa, kanye R = ekahle igesi njalo.
Izilinganiso zokuthathwa kwe-CO2 ezibikiwe zokulawula ukumiswa kwe-cyanobacteria kanye nama-biocomposites ajwayele ukulawulwa okungezona ezebhayoloji.Iyunithi yokusebenza ye-g biomass inani le-biomass eyomile enganyakazi endwangwini yokuwasha.Kunqunywa ngokukala amasampula e-loofah ngaphambi nangemuva kokulungiswa kweseli.Ukubalwa kwesisindo somthwalo weseli (okulingana ne-biomass) ngokulinganisa ngakunye amalungiselelo ngaphambi nangemuva kokumiswa kanye nokubala ukuminyana kokulungiswa kweseli (isibalo 3).Ukulungiswa kwamaseli kucatshangwa ukuthi ku-homogeneous ngesikhathi sokulungiswa.
I-Minitab 18 ne-Microsoft Excel enesengezo se-RealStatistics zisetshenziswe ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo.Okujwayelekile kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwe-Anderson-Darling, futhi ukulingana kokuhluka kwahlolwa kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwe-Levene.Idatha eyanelisa lokhu kuqagela yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwezindlela ezimbili zokuhlukahluka (i-ANOVA) nokuhlolwa kuka-Tukey njengokuhlaziywa kwe-post hoc.Idatha yezindlela ezimbili engazange ihlangabezane nokuqagelwa kokujwayelekile nokuhluka okulinganayo yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kwe-Shirer-Ray-Hara kwase kuba ukuhlolwa kwe-Mann-Whitney U ukuze kutholwe ukubaluleka phakathi kokwelashwa.Amamodeli we-Generalized linear Mixed (GLM) asetshenziselwa idatha okungeyona evamile enezici ezintathu, lapho idatha yaguqulwa khona kusetshenziswa i-Johnson transform63.Ukuxhumana kwesikhashana kwemikhiqizo ye-Pearson kwenziwa ukuze kuhlolwe ubudlelwano phakathi kokugxilisa ingqondo kwe-Texanol, izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi, nobuthi be-latex nedatha yokunamathela.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-05-2023