I-S32205 Duplex 2205 insimbi engagqwali ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali Umthelela wobude be-capillary ezicini zesiqandisi esinobungani nemvelo R152a eziqandisini zasendlini

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Imininingwane - Duplex 2205

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• Izishintshisi zokushisa, amashubhu namapayipi okukhiqiza nokuphatha igesi namafutha
• Izishintshisi zokushisa namapayipi ezitshalweni zokususa usawoti emanzini
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• Imikhumbi yokucindezela, amathangi namapayipi ezimbonini ezisebenza ngokuphatha ama-chloride
• Ama-rotor, amafeni, ama-shafts nama-press rolls lapho amandla okukhathala aphezulu angasetshenziswa
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Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zebanga le-2205 lezinsimbi ezingenasici zibhalwe ngezansi.

Amasistimu wokushisisa nokupholisa ekhaya avame ukusebenzisa amadivaysi e-capillary.Ukusetshenziswa kwe-spiral capillaries kuqeda isidingo semishini yesiqandisi engasindi ohlelweni.Umfutho we-capillary uncike kakhulu kumapharamitha we-capillary geometry, njengobude, ububanzi obuphakathi kanye nebanga phakathi kwawo.Lesi sihloko sigxile emphumeleni wobude be-capillary ekusebenzeni kwesistimu.Kusetshenziswe ama-capillary amathathu anobude obuhlukene ekuhloleni.Idatha ye-R152a yahlolwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene ukuze kuhlolwe umthelela wobude obuhlukene.Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kufinyelelwa ekushiseni kwe-evaporator okungu -12°C kanye nobude be-capillary obungu-3.65 m.Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukusebenza kwesistimu kuyanda ngokukhula kwe-capillary ubude kuya ku-3.65 m uma kuqhathaniswa no-3.35 m no-3.96 m.Ngakho-ke, lapho ubude be-capillary bukhuphuka ngenani elithile, ukusebenza kwesistimu kuyanda.Imiphumela yokuhlolwa iqhathaniswe nemiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwe-computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Isiqandisi into esebenza esiqandisini ehlanganisa indawo evalekile, futhi isistimu yesiqandisi iyisistimu eyenza umphumela wokupholisa endaweni evalekile.Ukupholisa kuchazwa njengenqubo yokukhipha ukushisa endaweni eyodwa noma entweni bese udlulisela lokho kushisa kwenye indawo noma into.Iziqandisi manje zisetshenziswa kabanzi ukugcina ukudla okonakele emazingeni okushisa asendaweni, ukonakala okuvela ekukhuleni kwamagciwane nezinye izinqubo kuhamba kancane kakhulu eziqandisini eziphansi.Iziqandisi ziwuketshezi olusebenzayo olusetshenziswa njengamasinki okushisa noma iziqandisi ezinqubweni zesiqandisi.Iziqandisi ziqoqa ukushisa ngokuhwamuka ekushiseni okuphansi nokucindezela bese zijiya lapho izinga lokushisa liphezulu nokucindezela, zikhiphe ukushisa.Igumbi libonakala liphola njengoba ukushisa kuphuma efrijini.Inqubo yokupholisa yenzeka ohlelweni oluhlanganisa i-compressor, i-condenser, amashubhu e-capillary kanye ne-evaporator.Iziqandisi ziyizinto zokuqandisa ezisetshenziswa kulolu cwaningo.Iziqandisi zisetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke, futhi lolu hlelo lokusebenza seluyisidingo sasekhaya.Iziqandisi zesimanje zisebenza kahle kakhulu, kodwa ucwaningo lokuthuthukisa uhlelo lusaqhubeka.Okubi kakhulu kwe-R134a ukuthi akwaziwa ukuthi inobuthi kodwa ine-Global Warming Potential (GWP) ephezulu kakhulu.I-R134a yeziqandisi zasendlini ifakiwe ku-Kyoto Protocol ye-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change1,2.Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe-R134a kufanele kwehliswe kakhulu3.Ngokombono wemvelo, wezezimali kanye nezempilo, kubalulekile ukuthola iziqandisi eziphansi zokufudumala komhlaba4.Ucwaningo oluningi luye lwafakazela ukuthi u-R152a uyisiqandisi esihambisana nemvelo.U-Mohanraj et al.5 baphenye ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kusetshenziswe i-R152a neziqandisi ze-hydrocarbon eziqandisini zasekhaya.Ama-hydrocarbons atholakale engasebenzi njengeziqandisi ezizimele zodwa.I-R152a iyonga kakhulu futhi ayihambisani nemvelo kuneziqandisi zokuphuma.Bolaji nabanye6.Ukusebenza kweziqandisi ezintathu ze-HFC ezinobungani bemvelo kwaqhathaniswa nesiqandisi esicindezela umusi.Baphethe ngokuthi u-R152a ungasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokucindezela umusi futhi ungavala u-R134a.I-R32 inobubi obufana nogesi ophezulu kanye ne-coefficient ephansi yokusebenza (COP).Bolaji et al.Eziyisi-7 zahlolwa u-R152a kanye no-R32 esikhundleni sika-R134a eziqandisini zasendlini.Ngokocwaningo, isilinganiso sokusebenza kahle kwe-R152a siphezulu ngo-4.7% kunaleso sika-R134a.Cabello et al.ihlolwe i-R152a kanye ne-R134a emishinini yesiqandisi ngama-compressor e-hermetic.8. U-Bolaji et al9 bahlole isiqandisi esingu-R152a ezinhlelweni zesiqandisi.Baphethe ngokuthi u-R152a iyona ewonga kakhulu ugesi, umthamo wokupholisa ongaphansi ngo-10.6% ngethani kuno-R134a wangaphambilini.I-R152a ikhombisa umthamo wokupholisa wevolumu ephezulu nokusebenza kahle.U-Chavkhan et al.10 bahlaziye izici ze-R134a kanye ne-R152a.Ocwaningweni lwamafriji amabili, i-R152a itholwe iyonga kakhulu amandla.I-R152a isebenza kahle ngo-3.769% kune-R134a futhi ingasetshenziswa njengokushintsha okuqondile.U-Bolaji et al.11 baphenye iziqandisi ezihlukene ezine-GWP ephansi njengokushintshwa kwe-R134a ezimisweni zesiqandisi ngenxa yokwehla kwamandla azo okushisa komhlaba.Phakathi kweziqandisi ezihloliwe, i-R152a inokusebenza okuphezulu kwamandla kagesi, inciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukagesi ngethani ngalinye lesiqandisi ngo-30.5% uma kuqhathaniswa no-R134a.Ngokusho kwababhali, u-R161 udinga ukuklanywa kabusha ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokuthi usetshenziswe esikhundleni.Umsebenzi ohlukahlukene wokuhlola uye wenziwa abacwaningi abaningi beziqandisi ezifuywayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zesiqandisi esine-GWP ephansi kanye ne-R134a-exutshwe njengengxenye ezayo yezinhlelo zesiqandisi12,13,14,15,16,17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 Baskaran et al.24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 bahlole ukusebenza kweziqandisi eziningana ezithinta imvelo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwazo no-R134a njengendlela engase ibe ngenye indlela ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene kokucindezela komhwamuko.Uhlelo.Tiwari et al.I-36 isebenzise izivivinyo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-CFD ukuze kuqhathaniswe ukusebenza kwamashubhu e-capillary aneziqandisi ezihlukene namadayimitha eshubhu.Sebenzisa isofthiwe ye-ANSYS CFX ukuze uhlaziye.Kunconywa ukwakheka kwekhoyili ethandeka kakhulu.U-Punia et al.16 uphenye umthelela wobude be-capillary, ububanzi kanye nobubanzi bekhoyili ekugelezeni okukhulu kwe-LPG yesiqandisi ngekhoyili ezungezayo.Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo, ukulungisa ubude be-capillary ebangeni ukusuka ku-4.5 kuya ku-2.5 m kuvumela ukwandisa ukugeleza kwenqwaba ngesilinganiso sama-25%.U-Söylemez et al.16 benze ukuhlaziya kwe-CFD kwekhompathimenti yesiqandisi sasendlini (DR) esebenzisa amamodeli amathathu ahlukene e-turbulent (viscous) ukuze athole ukuqonda ngesivinini sokupholisa sekhompathimenti yokusha kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinga lokushisa emoyeni nasekompatshaneni ngesikhathi sokulayisha.Izibikezelo zemodeli ye-CFD ethuthukisiwe zibonisa ngokucacile ukugeleza komoya nezinkambu zokushisa ngaphakathi kwe-FFC.
Lesi sihloko sidingida imiphumela yocwaningo lokuhlola ukuze kutholwe ukusebenza kweziqandisi zasendlini zisebenzisa isiqandisi esingu-R152a, esihambisana nemvelo futhi esingenayo ingcuphe ye-ozone depletion potential (ODP).
Kulolu cwaningo, ama-capillary angu-3.35 m, 3.65 m kanye no-3.96 m akhethiwe njengendawo yokuhlola.Ukuhlolwa kwabe sekwenziwa ngesiqandisi esiphansi sokufudumala komhlaba esingu-R152a kwase kubalwa nemingcele yokusebenza.Ukuziphatha kwesiqandisi ku-capillary nakho kwahlaziywa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-CFD.Imiphumela ye-CFD yaqhathaniswa nemiphumela yokuhlola.
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 1, ungabona isithombe sesiqandisi sasekhaya esingamalitha ayi-185 esisetshenziselwe ucwaningo.Iqukethe i-evaporator, i-compressor ephindaphindayo ye-hermetic kanye ne-condenser epholile emoyeni.Amageji amane okucindezela afakwe endaweni yokufaka i-compressor, i-condenser inlet kanye ne-evaporator outlet.Ukuze uvimbele ukudlidliza ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, lawa mamitha afakwe iphaneli.Ukuze ufunde izinga lokushisa le-thermocouple, zonke izintambo ze-thermocouple zixhunywe kusikena se-thermocouple.Imishini yokulinganisa izinga lokushisa eyishumi ifakwe endaweni yokufaka i-evaporator, ukumunca i-compressor, ukukhishwa kwe-compressor, indawo yesiqandisi nendawo yokungena, indawo yokufaka i-condenser, indawo yesiqandisi kanye nendawo yokukhipha i-condenser.I-voltage kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanje kuyabikwa.I-flowmeter exhunywe engxenyeni yepayipi igxiliwe ebhodini lezinkuni.Okurekhodiwe kugcinwa njalo ngemizuzwana eyi-10 kusetshenziswa iyunithi ye-Human Machine Interface (HMI).Ingilazi yokubona isetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukufana kokugeleza kwe-condensate.
I-ammeter ye-Selec MFM384 ene-voltage yokufaka engu-100–500 V isetshenziselwe ukulinganisa amandla namandla.Imbobo yesevisi yesistimu ifakwe phezu kwe-compressor ukuze ishaje futhi ishajwe kabusha isiqandisi.Isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhipha umswakama ohlelweni ngokusebenzisa imbobo yesevisi.Ukuze ususe noma yikuphi ukungcoliswa ohlelweni, gcoba nge-nitrogen.Uhlelo lushajwa kusetshenziswa iphampu yevacuum, ekhipha iyunithi kungcindezi engu--30 mmHg.Ithebula 1 libala izici ze-rig yokuhlola isiqandisi sasekhaya, futhi Ithebula 2 libala amanani alinganisiwe, kanye nobubanzi bawo nokunemba kwawo.
Izici zeziqandisi ezisetshenziswa eziqandisini zasekhaya neziqandisi ziboniswa kuThebula lesi-3.
Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngokwezincomo ze-ASHRAE Handbook 2010 ngaphansi kwalezi zimo ezilandelayo:
Ukwengeza, uma kwenzeka nje, kwahlolwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwemiphumela.Uma nje izimo zokusebenza zizinzile, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, ukugeleza kwesiqandisi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kuyarekhodwa.Izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, amandla, amandla nokugeleza kukalwa ukuze kunqunywe ukusebenza kwesistimu.Thola umphumela wokupholisa nokusebenza kahle kokugeleza kwenqwaba ethile namandla ngezinga lokushisa elinikeziwe.
Ukusebenzisa i-CFD ukuhlaziya ukugeleza kwezigaba ezimbili ku-spiral coil yesiqandisi sasekhaya, umphumela wobude be-capillary ungabalwa kalula.Ukuhlaziywa kwe-CFD kwenza kube lula ukulandelela ukunyakaza kwezinhlayiya zoketshezi.Isiqandisi esidlula phakathi kwekhoyili evunguzayo sahlaziywa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwe-CFD FLUENT.Ithebula lesi-4 libonisa ubukhulu bamakhoyili e-capillary.
I-FLUENT software mesh simulator izokhiqiza imodeli yokwakheka kwesakhiwo kanye nemeshi (Izibalo 2, 3 kanye no-4 zibonisa inguqulo ye-ANSYS Fluent).Umthamo owuketshezi wepayipi usetshenziselwa ukudala i-border mesh.Lena igridi esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo.
Imodeli ye-CFD yasungulwa kusetshenziswa inkundla ye-ANSYS FLUENT.Kumelwe kuphela indawo yonke ewuketshezi ehambayo, ngakho-ke ukugeleza kwenyoka ngayinye ye-capillary kumodeliswa ngokobubanzi be-capillary.
Imodeli ye-GEOMETRY ingeniswe kuhlelo lwe-ANSYS MESH.I-ANSYS ibhala ikhodi lapho i-ANSYS iyinhlanganisela yamamodeli kanye nezimo zomngcele ezingeziwe.Emkhiwaneni.4 ibonisa imodeli yepayipi-3 (3962.4 mm) kokuthi ANSYS FLUENT.Izakhi ze-Tetrahedral zinikeza ukufana okuphezulu, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5. Ngemva kokudala inetha eliyinhloko, ifayela ligcinwa njenge-mesh.Uhlangothi lwekhoyili lubizwa ngokuthi i-inlet, kanti uhlangothi oluphambene lubheke indawo yokuphuma.Lobu buso obuyindilinga bugcinwa njengezindonga zepayipi.Imidiya ewuketshezi isetshenziselwa ukwakha amamodeli.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umsebenzisi uzizwa kanjani mayelana nengcindezi, isisombululo sakhethwa futhi inketho ye-3D yakhethwa.Ifomula yokukhiqiza amandla yenziwe yasebenza.
Uma ukugeleza kuthathwa njengesiphithiphithi, akunamugqa kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, ukugeleza kwe-K-epsilon kwakhethwa.
Uma kukhethwa enye indlela eshiwo umsebenzisi, indawo ezungezile izoba: Ichaza izakhiwo ze-thermodynamic zefriji engu-R152a.Izibaluli zefomu zigcinwa njengezinto zesizindalwazi.
Izimo zezulu zihlala zingashintshile.Kwanqunywa isivinini sokungena, ukucindezela kwebha engu-12.5 kanye nezinga lokushisa elingu-45 °C.
Okokugcina, ekuphindaphindweni kweshumi nanhlanu, isisombululo siyahlolwa futhi siguquke ekuphindaphindweni kweshumi nanhlanu, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 7.
Kuyindlela yokwenza imephu nokuhlaziya imiphumela.Ingcindezi yesakhiwo kanye nezihibe zedatha yezinga lokushisa kusetshenziswa i-Monitor.Ngemuva kwalokho, ukucindezela okuphelele nokushisa kanye nemingcele yokushisa evamile kunqunywa.Le datha ibonisa ukwehla kwengcindezi ephelele kumakhoyili (1, 2 kanye no-3) kuzibalo 1 no-2. 7, 8 kanye no-9 ngokulandelanayo.Le miphumela ikhishwe kuhlelo olubalekayo.
Emkhiwaneni.10 ikhombisa ushintsho ekusebenzeni kahle kobude obuhlukene bokuhwamuka kanye ne-capillary.Njengoba kubonakala, ukusebenza kahle kuyanda ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa lokuhwamuka.Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu nokuphansi kakhulu kutholwe lapho kufinyelelwa kuma-capillary spans angu-3.65 m no-3.96 m.Uma ubude be-capillary bukhuphuka ngenani elithile, ukusebenza kahle kuzokwehla.
Ushintsho kumthamo wokupholisa ngenxa yamazinga ahlukene okushisa okuhwamuka kanye nobude be-capillary kuboniswa emkhiwaneni.11. Umphumela we-capillary uholela ekwehleni komthamo wokupholisa.Umthamo omncane wokupholisa ufinyelelwa endaweni yokubilisa engu-16°C.Umthamo omkhulu wokupholisa ubonwa kuma-capillaries anobude obungaba ngu-3.65 m kanye nezinga lokushisa elingu-12°C.
Emkhiwaneni.12 ikhombisa ukuncika kwamandla omcindezela kubude be-capillary kanye nezinga lokushisa lokuhwamuka.Ngaphezu kwalokho, igrafu ikhombisa ukuthi amandla ehla ngokukhula kobude be-capillary kanye nokwehla kwezinga lokushisa lokuhwamuka.Ezingeni lokushisa elihwamukayo lika -16 °C, amandla aphansi we-compressor atholakala ngobude be-capillary obungu-3.96 m.
Idatha yokuhlola ekhona yasetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe imiphumela ye-CFD.Kulesi sivivinyo, amapharamitha okokufaka asetshenziselwa ukulingisa kokuhlola asetshenziswa ekufanisweni kwe-CFD.Imiphumela etholiwe iqhathaniswa nenani lokucindezela okumile.Imiphumela etholiwe ibonisa ukuthi ingcindezi emile lapho uphuma ku-capillary incane kunasekungeneni kweshubhu.Imiphumela yokuhlolwa ibonisa ukuthi ukwandisa ubude be-capillary kumkhawulo othize kunciphisa ukwehla kwengcindezi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehla kwengcindezi ye-static phakathi kokungena nokuphuma kwe-capillary kukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu yesiqandisi.Imiphumela ye-CFD etholiwe ivumelana kahle nemiphumela yokuhlola ekhona.Imiphumela yokuhlolwa ikhonjiswe ku-Figure 1 no-2. 13, 14, 15 kanye no-16. Kusetshenziswe ama-capillary amathathu anobude obuhlukene kulolu cwaningo.Ubude beshubhu buyi-3.35m, 3.65m kanye no-3.96m.Kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukwehla kwengcindezi emile phakathi kwe-capillary inlet kanye ne-outlet kwanda lapho ubude beshubhu bushintshwa baba ngu-3.35m.Futhi phawula ukuthi ingcindezi yokuphuma ku-capillary iyanda ngosayizi wepayipi we-3.35 m.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehla kwengcindezi phakathi kokungena nokuphuma kwe-capillary kuncipha njengoba usayizi wepayipi ukhuphuka ukusuka ku-3.35 kuya ku-3.65 m.Kwaphawulwa ukuthi ingcindezi ekuphumeni kwe-capillary yehle kakhulu endaweni yokuphuma.Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukusebenza kahle kuyanda ngalobu bude be-capillary.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwandisa ubude bepayipi kusuka ku-3.65 kuya ku-3.96 m futhi kunciphisa ukwehla kwengcindezi.Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi phezu kwalobu bude ukwehla kwengcindezi kwehla ngaphansi kwezinga eliphezulu kakhulu.Lokhu kunciphisa i-COP yesiqandisi.Ngakho-ke, i-static pressure loops ibonisa ukuthi i-capillary engu-3.65 m inikeza ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu esiqandisini.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kokwehla kwengcindezi kwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.
Kusukela emiphumeleni yocwaningo, kungabonakala ukuthi umthamo wokupholisa wesiqandisi u-R152a wehla ngobude obukhulayo bepayipi.Ikhoyili yokuqala inamandla okupholisa aphezulu kakhulu (-12°C) kanti ikhoyili yesithathu inamandla okupholisa aphansi kakhulu (-16°C).Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kufinyelelwa ekushiseni kwe-evaporator okungu--12 °C nobude be-capillary obungu-3.65 m.Amandla e-compressor ayancipha ngokukhula kobude be-capillary.Amandla okufaka i-compressor aphezulu ekushiseni kwe-evaporator okungu- -12 °C futhi ubuncane ku- -16 °C.Qhathanisa i-CFD nokufundwa kwengcindezi yaphansi komfula ngobude be-capillary.Kuyabonakala ukuthi isimo siyefana kuzo zombili lezi zimo.Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukusebenza kohlelo kuyakhula njengoba ubude be-capillary bukhula bufinyelele ku-3.65 m uma kuqhathaniswa no-3.35 m no-3.96 m.Ngakho-ke, lapho ubude be-capillary bukhuphuka ngenani elithile, ukusebenza kwesistimu kuyanda.
Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwe-CFD embonini eshisayo nezitshalo zamandla kuzothuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu amandla kanye ne-physics yemisebenzi yokuhlaziya ukushisa, ukulinganiselwa kudinga ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ze-CFD ezisheshayo, ezilula, nezingabizi kakhulu.Lokhu kuzosisiza ukuthi silungiselele futhi siklame okokusebenza okukhona.Intuthuko yesofthiwe ye-CFD izovumela ukuklama okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokwenza kahle, futhi ukwakhiwa kwama-CFD nge-inthanethi kuzokhuphula ukutholakala kobuchwepheshe.Yonke le ntuthuko izosiza i-CFD ibe insimu evuthiwe kanye nethuluzi lobunjiniyela elinamandla.Ngakho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-CFD kubunjiniyela bokushisa kuzoba banzi futhi kusheshe esikhathini esizayo.
I-Tasi, i-WT Environmental Hazards kanye ne-Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) Exposure and Explosion Risk Review.J. Chemosphere 61, 1539–1547.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.084 (2005).
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